A Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR) is used by people who do not want to be revived if their heart stops. If you have a completed and signed DNR form, medical professionals will not save your life if you go into cardiac arrest or stop breathing.
DNR forms usually must be signed by your doctor, witnesses, and a notary public. In addition, you should familiarize yourself with your state’s do not resuscitate laws before you complete your form.
What is a DNR Form?
A DNR Form is an end-of-life medical directive instructing healthcare professionals to withhold life-sustaining treatment at the patient’s behest.
Patients who obtain this type of document order are assured that no resuscitation methods will be performed in the event of a medical emergency — it’s essential to understand what a DNR is before signing.
A DNR form is a specific document governing distinct forms of treatment, and as a result, there are essentially no differences between the multiple types of a written order.
DNR forms may be known by the following names, depending on your location:
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- DNAR (Do Not Attempt Resuscitation)
- AND (Allow Natural Death)
- POLST (Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment)
- MOLST (Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment)
In addition to a DNR form, the following are essential estate and end-of-life planning documents:
What Does DNR Mean?
DNR stands for “do not resuscitate”. If your heart stops beating or you stop breathing, a DNR order restricts emergency medical technicians or hospital personnel from attempting to revive you.
What Does Resuscitate Mean?
In medical terms, “resuscitate” refers to the various procedures used by healthcare professionals in an emergency to revive a person from unconsciousness or the brink of death.
In the case of a DNR order, however, “resuscitate” specifically refers to the use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation — commonly referred to as CPR.
Basic CPR techniques involve a series of chest compressions and occasional mouth-to-mouth breathing.
Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (typically performed by EMS responders or trained medical personnel) involves a device known as a defibrillator or AED. An AED delivers an electrical shock to the patient to reestablish a steady rhythm to their heartbeat.
As a reference, resuscitation methods may include:
- Cardiac compression (or chest compressions)
- Defibrillation (electrical shock)
- Artificial ventilation (mouth-to-mouth breathing)
- Intubation (advanced airway management involving a breathing tube)
A do not resuscitate form instructs medical professionals not to use any form of CPR (basic or advanced) should they become incapacitated and require a life-sustaining procedure.
When is a DNR Form Appropriate?
End-of-life planning can be a complex subject to address, let alone navigate. But the fact is, we all must deal with this issue at some stage in our lives. Obtaining your DNR document should not be taken lightly — as it addresses life and death matters.
Scenario #1: Patients / Individuals Diagnosed with a Terminal Condition
For anyone diagnosed with a painful or terminal condition, a DNR form can help avoid prolonged suffering. Choosing to withdraw resuscitation in the event of a cardiac or respiratory arrest does not preclude palliative care will be withheld. That is to say, administering pain-relieving medication and comfort care will still be offered, should you desire.
Scenario #2: Elderly Individuals
Another essential factor to remember is the age when debating whether a DNR form suits you. Resuscitation is an intense and often traumatic medical procedure that elderly patients may have trouble recovering from should it be successful.
Chest compressions must be applied with extreme force to get the blood pumping through the heart. Broken ribs, bruised lungs, or even damage to the heart itself are all potential ramifications of successful CPR.
Intubation may also be used if a patient stops breathing. This invasive technique requires a tube to be rapidly inserted into a patient’s windpipe to manage airflow. This can lead to minor or severe complications, such as damage to the esophagus and other tissue in the throat.
Scenario #3: Religious Values
Contrary to what some may think, signing a do not resuscitate order is not prohibited in the eyes of many religious institutions. Each patient must consider their ethics and religious values before authorizing any end-of-life planning documentation.
What Happens if a DNR is Not Followed?
In 2016, a woman in Santa Fe, New Mexico, was admitted to the emergency room of a local hospital. Hospital staff attempted to resuscitate her twice — in direct violation of her do not resuscitate order. [1]
This patient suffers from a rare condition that causes her immense pain and requires costly medication. As a result of this condition, she preemptively drafted a form to avoid further expense and suffering. The hospital staff ignored the order, and she filed a lawsuit shortly after the ordeal.
Signing a DNR is the same as any other legally-binding document. Once your DNR papers have been approved and filed into your medical records, they must be recognized and followed by any physician that treats you.
Additionally, your family can not override your form against your will. Unless you have authorized someone to act on your behalf as your health care representative (either within the document itself or through a medical power of attorney), only you may choose to revoke your DNR form.
Free DNR Form Sample (PDF & Word)
You can use our free DNR template as an example for creating your own:
How to Get a DNR Form
Once you’ve decided to create your document, there are plenty of ways to get a DNR form.
Our DNR form builder handles all of the necessary paperwork for you. Upon completion, take your DNR medical form to your physician and have them sign it. Your doctor should then file it with the rest of your medical records.
In some instances, EMTs arriving on the scene of a medical emergency may not immediately be able to identify you or have access to your medical records on hand.
Ask your doctor where you can find an official DNR bracelet that can always be on your person — instructing first responders on how to proceed.
Laws and Signing Requirements – by State
Nearly every state in America has guidelines governing do not resuscitate orders. These laws ensure patients retain a sense of control over their end-of-life planning.
The following table shows which states require signatures from patients, physicians, witnesses, a notary public, or some combination of each for a DNR form to be legally valid.
| State | Who Needs to Sign? | Legal Code |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Patient and Physician | AL Code § 420-5-19-.02 |
| Alaska | Patient and either a Witness, Notary Public, or Physician | AK Stat 13.52.150 |
| Arizona | Patient, Physician, and Witness | AZ Rev Stat § 36-3251 |
| Arkansas | Patient and either a Notary Public or 2 Witnesses | AR Code § 20-13-901 |
| California | Patient and Primary Physician | CA Prob Code § 4780 |
| Colorado | Patient and Attending Physician | CO Rev Stat § 15-18.6-103 |
| Connecticut | Patient and Physician | CT Gen Stat § 19a-580d |
| Delaware | Patient and 2 Witnesses | 16 DE Code § 2505 |
| Florida | Patient and Primary Physician | FL Stat § 401.45 |
| Georgia | Patient and Attending Physician | GA Code § 31-39.6.1 |
Who signs the DNR form?
The DNR order must be signed by the patient or legally appointed healthcare professionals to make medical decisions on the patient’s behalf. All parties who have signed the form must sign twice, once more at the bottom of the page, to confirm proper completion.
In the table above, you also have the signing requirements for each state.